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carte de visite
The carte de visite〔In French, ''carte de visite'' means visiting card〕 (abbreviated CdV or CDV, and also spelled carte-de-visite or erroneously referred to as ''carte de ville'') was a type of small photograph which was patented in Paris, France by photographer André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri in 1854, although first used by Louis Dodero.〔Welling〕〔Leggat〕 It was usually made of an albumen print, which was a thin paper photograph mounted on a thicker paper card. The size of a carte de visite is × mounted on a card sized × . In 1854, Disdéri had also patented a method of taking eight separate negatives on a single plate, which reduced production costs. The Carte de Visite was slow to gain widespread use until 1859, when Disdéri published Emperor Napoleon III's photos in this format.〔Gernsheim p.55〕 This made the format an overnight success. The new invention was so popular it was known as "cardomania"〔Newhall〕 and it spread throughout Europe and then quickly to America and the rest of the world.
Each photograph was the size of a visiting card, and such photograph cards were traded among friends and visitors. Albums for the collection and display of cards became a common fixture in Victorian parlors. The immense popularity of these card photographs led to the publication and collection of photographs of prominent persons.
By the early 1870s, cartes de visite were supplanted by "cabinet cards," which were also usually albumen prints, but larger, mounted on cardboard backs measuring by . Cabinet cards remained popular into the early 20th century, when Kodak introduced the Brownie camera and home snapshot photography became a mass phenomenon.
== The American Civil War ==
The carte de visite photograph proved to be a very popular item during the American Civil War. Soldiers, friends and family members would have a means of inexpensively obtaining photographs and sending them to loved ones in small envelopes. Photos of Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and other celebrities of the era became an instant hit in the North. People were not only buying photographs of themselves, but also collecting photographs of celebrities.〔Schweitzer, Marlis, and Joanne Zerdy. 2014. (''Performing Objects and Theatrical Things ). Houndmills, Basingstoke; New York : Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137402448.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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